I can see you have plenty of time to write a well thought out reply to my website. I am not a mechanic nor do I care to learn the intricate workings of an engine. What I know is you can go to the resources and get plenty of documentation to support what I have written. You can also call the company and get what ever questions you have answered by Curt Ence. He is the patent holder and has been selling the product for fifteen years to industrial accounts saving millions of dollars a year. What I will tell you is what I have experienced by using the product. I drive a BMW and use 87 octane fuel getting 100 more mpg. My car has more zip and quicker pickup. Thats all I have to share. If you feel put out at all by all means call the company at 801-386-5007. Happy searching!